Consciousness Is To Unconsciousness As Serial Processing
Conscious processing is serial, 007 Consciousness is to unconsciousness as _____ is to _____. serial processing; parallel processing 008.
Consciousness and the Two Track Mind flashcards
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Term
Definition
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition including perception, thinking, memory and language
the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
Which track conscious or unconscious processes information in parallel.
Unconscious information processing occurs simultaneously on multiple parallel tracks
Which track processes information serially. P. 88-89
Serial Conscious processing
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Failing to notice changes in the environment
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms for example, of temperature and wakefulness that occur on a 24 hour cycle
How does light affect the circadian clock.
Bright light in the morning tweaks the circadian clock by activating light-sensitive retinal proteins. These proteins control the circadian clock by triggering signals to the brain s suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN which is a par of grain of rice sized, 20000 cell clusters in the hypothalamus. The SCN does its job by causing the brain s pineal gland to decrease its production of melatonin in the morning or increase it in the evening.
What hormone induces sleep.
How can people adjust to jet lag and shifts change more easily.
Seeking bright light - spending the next day outdoors.
Sleep researchers measure brain-wave activity. eye movements, and muscle tension by electrodes that pick up weak electrical signals from the brain, eye, and facial muscles
Review the answers to the True/False questions about sleep on p. 92
ALL THE FOLLOWING ARE FALSE:
1. When people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with the dream.
2. Older adults sleep more than young adults
3. Sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams
4. Sleep experts recommend treating insomnia with an occasional sleeping pill.
5. Some people dream every night; others seldom dream
Be familiar with the different stages of sleep- what brain waves are present in each stage.
Awake, relaxed - ALPHA WAVES
Stage 1 - hallucinations
Stage 2 - sleep spindles
Stage 3 - start of delta waves, transition. 30 minutes
Stage 4 - delta waves. 30 minutes
REM sleep - rapid eye movement
What is a hypnagogic sensation and in what stage does it occur.
Stage 1. When you feel like you are weightless or floating into space
What stages are deep sleep.
Stage 3 and 4 are deep sleep
When does sleepwalking usually occur.
End of the deep sleep of stage 4 that children may wet the bed or begin sleepwalking.
Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep.
because the muscles are relaxed except for minor twitches but other body systems are active.
How long does a sleep cycle last.
It repeats itself about every 90 minutes.
How many do people have per night.
How does the sleep cycle change over the course of the night.
What is sleep deprivation.
What are the consequences of sleep deprivation.
Be familiar with the Coren study. Figure 3.13
On the monday after the spring time change, when people lose one hour of sleep, accidents increased as compared with the Monday before. In the fall, traffic accidents normallly increase because of greater snow, ice, and darkness, but they diminished after the time change
What are the some of the theories of why we sleep.
Five reasons
1. Sleep protects.
2. Sleep helps us recuperate
3. Sleep is for making memories
4. Sleep also feeds creative thinking
5. Sleep may play a role in the growth process
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
A sleep disorder characterize by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
a sleep disorder characterize by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughst passing through a sleeping person s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinutites, and incongruities, and for the dreamer s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content
Can we incorporate external stimuli into a dream see Dement and Wolpert 1958 study on p. 104.
A particular odor or the telephone ringing may be instantly and ingeniously woven into the dream story.
Can we learn while sleeping.
We can learn to associate a sound with a mild electric shock and to react to the sound accordingly, but we do not remember recorded information played while we are soundly asleep.
There are several theories of why we dream. What is Freud s wish fulfillment theory.
A dream s manifest apparent content is a censored, symbolic version of its latent content, which consists of unconscious drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly.
What is the difference between the manifest and latent content of a dream.
Manifest content is the remembered story line of a dream as distinct from its latent, or hidden content. Latent content is the underlying meaning of a dream
What is the information processing theory of why we dream.
researchers believe that dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the day s experiences in our memory.
What is the physiological explanation for why we dream.
To develop and preserve neural pathways.
What is the activation synthesis theory of dreaming. Review Table 3.2
To make sense of neural static. This neural activity is random, and dreams are the brain s attempt to make sense of it.
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep
a social interaction in which one person the hypnotist suggest to another the subject that certain feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
What are some of the characteristics of people who are highly hypnotizable.
Highly hypnotizable people are those who easily become deeply absorbed in imaginative activities
Can hypnosis enhance recall of memories.
It can help but American and british courts generally ban testimony from witnesses who have been hypnotize
Can hypnosis induce people to act against their will.
An authoratative person in a legitimate context can induce people - hypnotized or not - to perform some unlikely acts.
Can hypnosis be therapeutic.
Post hypnotic suggestions have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders.
What is a post hypnotic suggestion.
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
What is social influence theory.
the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the cold
What is dissociation divided consciousness theory.
disociation - a split in consciosuness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
What does each say about if hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.
What are psychoactive drugs.
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug s effect
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
Psychological dependence.
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences
Review the myths about addiction p. 113-114.
1. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt; for example, morphine taken to control pain is powerfully addictive and often leads t oheroin abuse
2. Addictions cannot be overcome voluntarily; therapy is required
3. We can extend the concept of addiction to cover not just drug dependencies, but a whole spectrum of repetitive, pleasure-seeking behaviors.
drugs such as alcohol, barbituates, and opiates that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Review the numerous effects alcohol can have p. 115-116
1. Disinhibition
2. Slowed Neural Processing
3. Memory Disruption
4. Reduced Self-awareness and self-control
5. Expectancy effects
6. Alcohol and sex the perfect storm
What stage of sleep does alcohol suppress.
What did Abrams and Wilson 1983 find happens when people are given a nonalcoholic drink that they think is alcoholic p. 116.
In each group half thought they were drinking alcohol and half thought they were not
Drugs that depress teh activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
opium and its derivatives, sucha s morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and assocaited energy and mood changes
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
What neurostransmitter does methamphetamine increase.
At what age do people usually start smokiing.
What are the physiological effects of nicotine P. 119; Figure 3.20.
How does cocaine have an effect Figure 3.21.
What neurotransmitters does ecstasy impact. What are its long term risks.
psychedelic mind-manifesting drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and eoke sensory images in the absense of sensory input
a powerful lhallucinogenic drug also known as acid
Siegel reported the brain tends to hallucinate in common ways. Describe these p. 121 and 127.
What is THC. What are some of the effects of marijuana use.
Review the biological, psychological, and social cultural influences on drug use. Figure 3.23
Adoptedi ndividuals are more suceptibele to alcohol dependence if
What are near death experiences. How do people often describe these experiences.
an altered state of consciosuness reported after a close brush iwth death such as through cardiac arrest often similar to drug induced hallucinations
rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed except for minor twitches but other body systems are active
Hallucinations
Sensations of falling or of floating - hypnagogic sensations.
Sleep spindles - bursts of rapid, rhythmic-wave activity
Stage 3 sleep begins to experience delta waves. Is a transitional Stage
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, wake state
Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
PSY-201 Chapter 3 Flashcards
- States of consciousness Consciousness is to unconsciousness as _____ is to _____. A monism; dualism D latent content; manifest content B serial processing;.
- PSY-201 Chapter 3. Description. Serial Conscious processing: Term. as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma.
- Differences between Conscious and Non difference between conscious and non-conscious between conscious and non-conscious processing.
- Consciousness and the Two Track Mind serial conscious processing. an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death.
Cognition
mental processes
consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment; has to do with cerebral cortex
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition including perception, thinking, memory, and language
conscious
explicit, deliberate, high road
unconscious
implicit, automatic, low road
dual processing
the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks ie vision
parallel processing
simultaneous processing by two or more processing units
serial conscious processing
Processing that is skilled at solving new problems which require focused attention. slower than parallel processing
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
cocktail party effect
ability to attend to only one voice among many
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere monkey while tossing the basketball
change blindness
failing to notice changes in the environment
choice blindness
showing two faces, person picks one, then confirms wrong picture as the one they chose.
pop out
appear suddenly, one thing that stands out that we focus attention on smile amongst frowns
circadian rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms for example, of temperature and wakefulness that occur on a 24-hour cycle. affected by natural light in the SCN hypothalamus brain and affects melatonin
REM
rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed except for minor twitches but other body systems are active.
alpha waves
slow brain waves of a relaxed but awake state
sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
hypnagogia
period of transition between wakefulness and sleep that typifies stage one; falling effect
delta waves
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
night terrors
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
dream
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.
manifest content
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content. based on day s experiences
latent content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream
activation synthesis theory
the theory that dreams result from the brain s attempt to make sense of random neural signals that fire during sleep
REM Rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep IE debt
hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur; can releive pain and cure people
hypnotic ability
the ability to focus attention totally on a task, to become imaginatively absorbed in it, to entertain fanciful possibilities
posthypnotic suggestions
A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject no longer is hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
social influence theory
theory that hypnotic subjects are just role-playing; so caught up in hypnotized role that they convince themselves it s real; trying to be a good subject ; imaginative acting
dissociation
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
psychoactive drugs
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug s effect
withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
psychological dependence
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
addiction
being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming especially alcohol or narcotic drugs despite unpleasant symptoms
physical dependence
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
depressants
drugs such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
barbiturate
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement exs: nembutal, secondal amytal; tranquilizer;
opiate
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine or heroine; depressant, lessen pain and anxiety
stimulant
drug, such as caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine, that generally increases activity in the central nervous system
amphetamine
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes, type of stimulant
meth
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates cns and reduces baseline dopamine levels over time
nicotine
stimulant drug in tobacco that increases heart rate and blood pressure
cocaine
blocks dopamine from being reuptaken and leaves in trapped in the synapse, stimulant, euphoria, increased movement and emotion;
ecstacy
synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen that makes euphoria and social intimacy, also called the club drug -- causes dangerous level of dehydration and lowers blood pressure to extent of death in some cases -- makes feel happy for short time, leading to depression later; mimics seratonin and traps it in the synapse; emotional warmth
hallucinogens
psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
lsd
a powerful hallucinogenic drug manufactured from lysergic acid; mimic seratonin
marijuana
a drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally hallucinations; rarely reported as addictive
thc
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
near death experience
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death such as through cardiac arrest ; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
biofeedback
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.
